Eric Jackson

Writer’s comment: ECH 161L was the closest thing to the real world that I have experienced in all of my classes at UC Davis. The details and parameters of the experiments we did were obtained mostly from the literature, rather than from a handout given to us by the professor. That was a first — I actually had to think about the experiment and plan it beforehand. It was also something of a first when I was able to use my experiments in ECH 161L as the basis for a class report — written report — in Engineering Writing (English 102).
- Eric Jackson

Instructor’s comment: Engineering students tend to pay more attention to scientific accuracy than to writing style. And appropriately so; no one wants bridges to fall down because of some engineering miscalculation. But I try to get students to see that writing style does matter. I use the documents leading up to the reactor failure at Three Mile Island to show that how engineers say something (for example, how they organize a document) affects people’s understanding as much as the facts that the engineers might present. I also encourage students to consider what they like to see when they are reading technical documents and to use some of those techniques in their own papers.
     Eric’s report is an excellent example of such an effective scientific style: it is clear, concise, specific, and well-organized. I also like the way that he establishes his research questions in the introduction and concludes by directly stating his answers; readers won’t have any difficulty determining why his work is important and what he learned from it.
- John Stenzel, English Department



Introduction

     The oxygen transfer rate from a gas to a broth in aerobic fermentation is an important parameter in the design and operation of bioreactors. Aerobic organisms need oxygen for growth, product formation, and cell maintenance. Thus, adequate transfer of oxygen from a gas to the fermentation broth must be maintained. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient, k_La, indicates the rate of oxygen used for fermentation, taking into account all oxygen-consuming variables in the bioreactor. k_La values are used in scaling up from laboratory scale to pilot scale or production scale bioreactors. The determination of the k_La value for a fermentation is important in order to maintain adequate transfer of oxygen in a bioreactor, for laboratory scale use or when scaling up to a larger process.²
     Transfer of oxygen from a gas phase to a liquid phase is complicated by presence of cells, product formation, ionic species, and antifoaming agents. These can alter bubble size and liquid film resistance, which affect oxygen solubility.⁴ Resulting k_La values are different from those predicted from correlations for oxygen absorption into water. Therefore, it is important to have a reliable method for measuring k_La in fermentation systems.²
     This experiment examines the relative effects of agitation rate and air sparging rate on k_La in distilled water. In addition, the effects of agitation rate on k_La are examined in a fermentation media. The results from the variation of agitation rate in the distilled water and the fermentation media are compared to see how a realistic media affects k_La.

Theory

     There are several models which can be used to determine k_La. All models used to evaluate k_La assume ideal mixing of the two phases in the reactor and a negligible resistance of the gas phase to oxygen transfer across the interface.² This experiment uses the dynamic gassing out method, which gives the following oxygen mass transfer model:

dCL = k_La(C* – C_L) (1)
dt

where CL is the dissolved oxygen concentration and C* is the saturated dissolved oxygen concentration in the solution.^2,3,4 Figure 1 shows a schematic of the oxygen mass transfer process:


Figure 1. Oxygen Mass Transfer Process
     This model also neglects the response time of the oxygen electrode because the time constant of the electrode is less than the time it takes to saturate the solution. A plot of ln(C* – CL) versus time yields a line with a slope equal to –k_La.⁴

Experimental Methods

Apparatus

Fermenter

     A 5L bioreactor (New Brunswick Scientific, BioFlo 3000 Model) was used in this experiment. This reactor is equipped with built-in automatic feedback controllers for temperature, agitation, and dissolved oxygen. The agitation system is comprised of a marine propeller stirrer and a radially conveying flat-blade disk stirrer. The disk stirrer is located 6.5 in. from the head plate (3.5 in. above the sparger) and has a diameter of 3.0 in. There are six blades, each with a width of 0.0625 in., a height of 0.625 in., and a length of 0.75 in. The marine propeller is 9.625 in. from the head plate (0.25 in. from the sparger) and has a diameter of 2.25 in. There are three blades, each with a width of 0.125 in.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Probe

     A Type T DO Probe (12mm Diameter, Teflon Membrane) was used in this experiment. The time constant given in the specifications is 90s for 98% concentration. During calibration, the probe was found to have a time constant of 99s for 100%.


Figure 2. Experimental Setup (www.nbsc.com/index2.htm)
Procedure

     The time constant inherent in the DO probe was determined by quickly moving the probe from a nitrogen-sparged liquid to an oxygen-sparged liquid, and observing the response time for the probe to record saturation. To check for hysteresis of the probe, the response time was observed when the probe was placed back into the nitrogen-sparged liquid. There was some hysteresis observed, but this was neglected as all measurements are from a nitrogen-sparged solution to an oxygen-sparged solution.
     The dynamic gassing out method was used to measure the change in dissolved oxygen. The solution was sparged with nitrogen, then sparged with oxygen at the same flow rate and agitation rate. The change in dissolved oxygen was measured until the solution became saturated.^2,4
     In order to observe the relative effects of aeration rate in distilled water on k_La, agitation rate was held constant at 500 rpm while aeration rate was varied at 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 6.0 L/min. To see the effects of agitation rate, aeration rate was held constant at 3.0 L/min while agitation rate was examined at 50, 100, 500, 700, and 1000 rpm.
     To determine the effects of fermentation media on k_La, distilled water in the bioreactor was replaced with McCoy’s 5A Medium (Sigma, M-6523), and only agitation was varied. The same values were used as with distilled water so that they could be compared. A different batch of McCoy’s 5A Medium was used for 500 and 700 rpm, due to contamination of the medium.

Results

     Values for k_La were found by plotting ln(C* – CL) versus time. The slope of the graph is equal to –k_La. In general, k_La increases with an increase in aeration rate or agitation rate. This increase is demonstrated in Figure 3, as k_La varies from 0.02 s^–1 to 0.12 s^–1 with different aeration rates. Figure 3 also shows that 3 L/min was a good aeration rate to be held constant for variation of agitation rate.


Figure 3. k_La Versus Aeration Rate for Distilled Water
     An increase in k_La is also seen in Figure 4 in the range of 50 to 1000 rpm. Figure 4 also shows a larger range of values for k_La than that seen in Figure 3. Agitation rates vary from about 0.2s^–1 to 0.2s^–1. Around 500 rpm is a good median value to be held constant for variation of aeration rate.


Figure 4. k_La Versus Agitation Rate for Distilled Water
     Figure 5 shows values for k_La versus agitation rate for the fermentation media. The range of k_La values looks more like that for variation of aeration of distilled water than that for agitation rate. It is also interesting to note that while the general trend is to increase, the k_La value at 700 rpm is greater than the k_La value at 1000 rpm.


Figure 5. k_La Versus Agitation Rate for Fermentation Media
     Table 1 puts the data from Figure 4 and Figure 5 into tabular form so that the k_La values from the two different solutions can be compared.

Table 1. Comparable Values of k_La for Distilled Water and
Fermentation Media (aeration held constant at 3.0 L/min)